Ref.

Publisher Title Year

Quotation

Corresponding definition

[1a]

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews; 2008

“…sprays that distribute the vector in the nasal cavity.”

Vector is  a transmitter ─ any agent, person, animal, microorganism, DNA molecule ─  that carries and transmits a genetic material (eg causing an infection).

[2a]

Journal of Virological Methods; 2008

“…within their vector mosquitoes.”

[3a]

Plant Molecular Biology; 1991

“'Phytoantibodies': a general vector for the expression of immunoglobulin domains in transgenic plants”

[4a]

Journal of Molecular Biology; 2008

“…residues was subcloned into modified Escherichia coli expression vectors…”

“…(cycle inhibiting factor)… product was purified and cloned into the … vector (Invitrogen)”.

[5a]

Building and Environment; 2009

“…direction vector…”

‘Vector’ is an ordered i-tuple of numbers, where i = a natural number;  an example of a vector:  (3.00, 0.00, 4.12).

[6a]

“…velocity vector…”

[7a]

Renewable Energy;

2009

“…the vector of the optimal design variables…”

[8a]

Journal of Theoretical Biology; 2008

“(Authors) performed a detailed comparison of various methods and different feature vectors.”

[9a]

Computers & Industrial Engineering; 1998

“By treating function and cost as vectors, an interesting and revealing graphical representation … of value can be shown…”

[10a]

Environmental Modeling and Assessment; 2007

“…X is a vector of explanatory variables…”

[11a]

Advanced Materials Associates; accessed 28th December, 2007

“The microstructure of sandstone consists of quartz grains in a calcite matrix.”

Microstructure is the size and distribution of individual grains/phases/defects in a (solid) material. Microstructure is the structure of polished and etched solid as revealed by a microscope at a magnification greater than 25-50 times”.

[12a]

Carbon; 2005

“The investigation of (vapor grown carbon fiber) materials regarding their texture, nanotexture and structure by transmission electron microscopy is reported, as a first step to understanding the formation mechanisms.”

Structure is used to describe the crystallographic order….”

[13a]

Construction and Building Materials; 2009

“Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures with externally bonded steel plates is one retrofitting technique developed during the 1960s.”

Structure is made of mechanical solid components (such as steel beams and bars, concrete columns or other construction engineering components).

“A number of research projects have been carried out to demonstrate the use of FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer ) composites in the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structural components. FRP composites have been applied to a variety of structural members including beams, columns, slabs, and walls.”

“…this economical and effective method has been used universally for the manufacturing of aerospace structures.”

[14a]

Reliability Engineering & System Safety; 2009

“the reliability model-based assessment of existing structures is gaining considerable interest and there have been a number of practical applications in the areas of offshore structures, bridges and ships.”

“…increased specialization in the (engineering) discipline … by the development of … structural reliability to analyze the integrity of buildings, bridges and other constructions.”

[7a]

Renewable Energy; 2009

“…(the wind power) generator structure cost…”

“…the (wind power) generator structural costs…”

[5a]

Building and Environment; 2009

“…the building structure…”

“The room is discretized using a structured hexahedral grid, in order to limit the computational time.”

[2a]

Journal of Virological Methods; 2008

“…the amplification from stem-loop structures leads to the accumulation…”

[1a]

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews; 2008

“The respiratory region occupies the major part of the nose and is characterised by the presence of shelf-like structures called turbinates…”

[8a]

Journal of Theoretical Biology; 2008

“Features determining the local environments such as hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, … play important role in secondary structure formation and protein folding.”

Structure of something is which and how its parts (components, elements) are put together. This is a very generic definition. For example, the structure of an atom can be defined by electrons, protons and neutrons, and their mutual relations. Bridge structure is composed of steel beams, columns and other mechanical components, while the structure of a literary publication can be composed of chapters and sections. In geology, we talk about the structure of the Earth. We explain what the structure of something is depending of what is the purpose (intent) of this definition.

“This study has investigated the problem of protein structural class prediction in new framework.”

“The prediction of protein structural class is an important component of the protein structure prediction.”

[9a]

Computers & Industrial Engineering; 1998

“…a technology has to have a 10 to 1 cost advantage for it to have a chance to alter the existing structure of an industry."

[4a]

Journal of Molecular Biology; 2008

“Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York”

“We present here a crystal structure of (cycle inhibiting factor)…”

“…(cycle inhibiting factor) was found to crystallize in a

form amenable to structural determination…”

[14a]

Reliability Engineering & System Safety; 2009

“…in a production line with a nodal series structure … if one of the nodes throughput changes … the other nodes must be reconfigured…”

“From the point of view of the production company, the primary objective of any task and operation … is to maximize … profit and minimize … losses. …The solution to this complex multi-objective optimization problem stands on: (amongst the other aspects) … a solid decision-making-theory structure for evaluation (of interactions, information, reliability, maintenance, etc).”

[13a]

Construction and Building Materials; 2009

“…grooved rollers are used to densify the FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) structure and remove much of the entrapped air. Unfortunately, this method lends itself to a host of problems, especially if air voids remain within the composite. These air voids can eventually form cracks that can propagate throughout the composite structure.”

[15a]

C I Lewis “A Survey of Symbolic Logic” Dover; 1960 (1918)

“Although most logistic is either founded upon or makes large use of the principles of symbolic logic, still as science of order in general does not necessarily presuppose or begin with symbolic logic.”

’Logistic’ is the science which deals with types of order as such.

[14a]

Reliability Engineering & System Safety; 2009

“…which result from the interaction of …hardware, … software, the human and the organizational and logistic systems.”

’Logistics’ is the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources, including energy and people, between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet the requirements of consumers ─ frequently, and originally, military organisations. Logistics involve the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material-handling, and packaging.

[7a]

Renewable Energy; 2009

"transportation logistics"

[1a]

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews; 2008

“Together with … possibility of self-administration, the … easier logistics offered by mucosal vaccination would result in reduced sanitary costs.”

[9a]

Computers & Industrial Engineering; 1998

“Equipment and logistics support” …

“Technical and logistics data”

[13a]

Construction and Building Materials; 2009

“This application along with a thorough presentation of the logistics of the remediation efforts are discussed….”

[10a]

Environmental Modeling and Assessment; 2007

“…multiple logistic regression (MLR) is … a good tool to model land use change.”

Logistic regression is a model used for prediction of the probability of occurrence of an event by fitting data to a logistic curve.

[8a]

Journal of Theoretical Biology; 2008

On comparison of different methods, (authors) found that logistic regression and support vector machine achieved significantly high accuracy on low homology dataset.

[16a]

Wikipedia; Accessed 22 December, 2008

“The logistic distribution receives its name from its cumulative distribution function , which is an instance of the family of logistic functions.”

Logistic distribution is a continuous probability distribution. Its cumulative distribution function is the logistic function.

[17a]

The Journal of Technology Transfer; 1982

“(one of) The dictionary definition(s) of technology is ‘the science of the application of knowledge to particular purposes’…”

Technology is the science of techniques, including the tools and other resources.

[18a]

Nightly Business Report (Public Broadcasting Service); 2007

“Nano-technology is the science of building devices from single atoms.”

[19a]

WordNet lexical database;

Accessed 22^nd December 2008

“Technology (is) the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems.”

[20a]

TheFreeDictionary;

accessed 22^nd December 2008

(Technology is) “(the study of) science applied to practical, (especially industrial) purposes”

[13a]

Construction and Building Materials; 2009

“The pier caps exhibited severe spalling and cracking and were considered for strengthening using FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) technology.”

Technology includes techniques together with the pertinent materials, tools, equipment and other (e.g. auxiliary media such as lubricants, energy providing media, etc) means for achieving certain pre-defined aim.

[14a]

Reliability Engineering & System Safety; 2009

“…an  EU-funded project Virtual Reality and Human Factors Applications for Improving Safety aimed at developing a system and technological platform that tackles safety by adopting Virtual Reality technology to explore how human factors influence safety issues.”

[21a]

Lucintel Newsletter Composites; 2008

“...ThermoPlastic Flowforming technology allows for part production with very little trim and waste...”

[9a]

Computers & Industrial Engineering; 1998

“In its broadest sense, productivity is the ratio of results attained to resources utilized, output to input. … Input is not only labor and management, but also equipment, supplies, training, advances in technology, and allocation of natural resources.”

[1a]

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews; 2008

“Synthetic Biomimetic Supramolecular Biovector (SMBV ™) is a proprietary technology developed by the french company…. SMBV ™ carriers are comprised of a polysaccharide core surrounded by a liposome membrane”

[8a]

Journal of Theoretical Biology; 2008

“(Authors) GP and PNS acknowledge the financial support offered by the A*Star (Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore)…”

[9a]

Computers & Industrial Engineering; 1998

“In the early1980s, many companies thought that the market for robots would be large. The technology was there, but the cost turned out to be too high. The economics drove many of these companies out of the business, and now there are only few companies that manufacture robots. Thus new technologies and economics must go hand in hand.”

[10a]

Environmental Modeling and Assessment; 2007

“Combining GIS (geographic information system) technology and MLR (multiple logistic regression), this study focused on the Maotiao River Basin as an example; …”